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Get listed in the Colostrum and the Mare category!

Colostrum and the Mare

Contents

Contains 73 items.

• Alberta Horse Industry News: Alberta Nurse Mare and Colostrum Registry - http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/livestock/horses/news0498.html
  
  • Alberta Horse Industry News: Alberta Nurse Mare and Colostrum Registry
  • Alberta Nurse Mare and Colostrum Registry
  • Equine Ranching Association are operating a Nurse Mare and Colostrum Registry.
  • match owners that have orphaned foals to a nurse mare and/or find a source of colostrum when required.
  • Mare owners losing a foal are encouraged to contact the
  • within four days of losing the foal, so that the mare will remain lactating when the orphaned foal is put
  • on the mare.
  [Abstract]
• Failure of Passive Transfer in Foals - http://members.aol.com/mpsvet/cvec/news.html
  
  • from inadequate production of a antibody enriched colostrum by the mare.
  • The mare and fetus are attached in utero by what is termed an
  • means that there is no transfer of blood from the mare to the fetus during gestation.
  • As a result of this lack of blood transfer from mare to fetus, there is no transfer of the mare's antibodies
  • typically produce an "antibody rich" "first milk" or colostrum.
  • hour or two of life, it ingests the "antibody rich" colostrum, this is termed "passive transfer of antibodies''.
  • Occasionally, the mare will not produce this "first milk" or colostrum.
  • Reasons for a lack of colostrum include Tall fescue toxicosis, premature birth, placentitis,
  • an anorexic or "poor" mare , and maiden mares (mares giving birth for the first
  • allows the veterinarian to look over the health of the mare and foal at this critical period.
  [Abstract]
• Sale Horses from New Mexico - http://www.horse-talk.com/horsetalk12.htm
  
  • Colostrum Lozenge
  • horse - Estancia Valley - 5 year old maiden mare started on barrels.
  • Welsh pony - Estancia Valley - Black little mare rides well vet aged at 14 or 15 years old stands to
  • - Santa Fe - Purebred Registered Polish Arabian mare.
  • handsome 7 month old spotted colt out of an Arabian mare, by a 16h.
  • spanish barb - santa fe - 14 yr 13;3 mare novice eventer, wannabe jumpers 1st level dressage.
  • horse - Chimayo - 12 year old sound and gentle mare anyone can ride $1100 or best offer must sell Contact
  • Registered Barb Mare For Sale: Fourteen years old, Blue Corn in color, Very
  • Los Lunas - Beautiful 17 hd ,12 year old TB Broodmare for sale.
  • This mare is very kind,easy breeder and has no bad habits.
  [Abstract]
• Colostrum in Mare's Milk - http://www.castlefarm-nc.com/heather/colostrum.html
  
  • Colostrum in Mare's Milk
  • What is Colostrum?
  • During the last few weeks of pregnancy, a mare will start to produce milk for the foal.
  • phosphorus and sodium also make up a portion of the mare's milk.
  • However, the most important component of the milk, colostrum, is produced just before the foal is born, and for only
  • Colostrum contains the most necessary and vital elements that
  • Within colostrum are the foal's very first antibodies.
  • The antibodies that are provided in the colostrum are the foal's first arsenal of defense until it has
  • Colostrum contains the protein immunoglobulin-G as its main protectant
  • the foal gets enough of the necessary protectant the mare's owner can take the specific gravity of a sample of
  [Abstract]
• eHow to Rescue a Distressed Foal - http://www.ehow.com/eHow/eHow/0,1053,6062,00.html
  
  • Make sure a foal that is born too early gets mare's milk.
  • Milk colostrum from the mother mare.
  • Feed colostrum within the first 24 hours after birth.
  • If the mother horse is unable to provide colostrum, get colostrum from another mare.
  • If you absolutely cannot get mare colostrum, use colostrum from a cow.
  • A foal must have colostrum for a good outcome.
  • Give colostrum through the tube.
  • Try to find a mare who will serve as the foal's mother substitute.
  • to adopt the orphan foal by leaving the orphan and mare alone together in a roomy box stall.
  • Get colostrum from another mare if you have no mother mare to act
  [Abstract]
• The Horse Interactive -- Answerline December 2000: Collecting Colostrum - http://www.thehorse.com/0012/answerline.html
  
  • Interactive -- Answerline December 2000: Collecting Colostrum
  • ANSWERLINE: Collecting Colostrum
  • How can I collect colostrum from a mare and save it for future use, and how long
  • Colostrum or "first milk" is the thick, yellow secretion from
  • Produced in the mare's udder during the last two to four weeks
  • gestation in response to hormonal changes, colostrum contains concentrated immunoglobulins (antibodies)
  • from the mare's serum.
  • Colostrum and its protective antibodies are present
  • in the mare's milk for only the first day after foaling; these
  • The best-quality colostrum is produced in the first eight hours post-foaling.
  [Abstract]
• How to Raise a Healthy Foal - http://www.merricks.com/healthyfoal.html
  
  • Allow the mare to muzzle and bond with the foal.
  • Before helping the foal, be sure the mare's udder and nipples are clean.
  • foal's jaw and point its nose and muzzle toward the mare's udder.
  • tail or thigh area, gently push the foal toward the mare.
  • You may need to massage the mare's udder to get a few drops of milk (colostrum) into
  • The mare should also be examined soon after birth.
  • The mare may then be more willing to allow the foal to nurse.
  • If the mare doesn't accept the foal, she may need to be tied with
  • After nursing, gently massage the mare's udder.
  • If the foal has trouble nursing, milk the mare by hand, then feed the foal from a bottle or bucket.
  [Abstract]
• The Teller - Colostrum - http://www.morab.com/teller/tellercolostrum.html
  
  • The Teller - Colostrum
  • routinely treat and care for foals will be thinking about colostrum--who has it, who needs it, and where they can get it.
  • You might wonder if colostrum actually is that important.
  • To discuss why colostrum is so important, I first have to explain about the
  • cross, so the foal cannot derive antibodies from the mare and is born with little to no circulating antibodies.
  • foal has nursed and absorbed an adequate amount of colostrum.
  • What Is Colostrum?
  • Colostrum is produced by the mare only once per pregnancy and
  • As the mare nears her foaling date, her udder will begin to fill
  • with colostrum.
  [Abstract]
• Equine Blood Typing and Research Laboratory - http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/VetScience/EBT.HTM
  
  • foal’s red cells after the foal is born and nurses the mare’s colostrum.
  • However, the colostrum is rich in antibodies, and in mares that are sensitized to
  • a red cell factor, the colostrum can be deadly instead of protective.
  • serum sample is submitted within 30 days prior to the mare’s due date.
  • essential to prevent the foal from nursing its dam's colostrum, and provide it with a substitute colostrum.
  • that does not have the red cell factor to which the mare has become sensitized.
  • from the sire, and will not be susceptible to the mare’s antibodies.
  • crossmatching stallion and mare bloodtypes or
  • testing serum from the mare 30 or less days before foaling
  [Abstract]
• The Horse Interactive -- Back to Basics March 1999: Colostrum - http://www.thehorse.com/9903/basics.html
  
  • The Horse Interactive -- Back to Basics March 1999: Colostrum
  • BACK TO BASICS: Colostrum
  • To a newborn foal, colostrum can mean the difference between life and death.
  • treat and care for foals will be thinking about colostrum--who has it, who needs it, and where they can get
  • You might wonder if colostrum actually is that important.
  • To discuss why colostrum is so important, I first have to explain about the
  • so the foal cannot derive antibodies from the mare and is born with little to no circulating antibodies.
  • has nursed and absorbed an adequate amount of colostrum.
  • What Is Colostrum?
  • Colostrum is produced by the mare only once per pregnancy and
  [Abstract]
• Veterinary Corner - http://www.horse-previews.com/0400articles/vetcorner0400.html
  
  • Veterinary Corner 04/00: Colostrum - An Essential Ingredient for a Thriving Foal
  • In a perfect world, the mare foals without any difficulty.
  • She hasn't leaked any colostrum and it is of the best quality.
  • absorbs more than enough immunoglobulins from the colostrum.
  • the new foal owner never gives another thought to colostrum.
  • However, in some cases the foal does not receive enough colostrum and a failure of passive transfer (FPT) has occurred.
  • It is in these cases that the importance of colostrum is brought to the forefront.
  • Colostrum is the mare's first milk which contains important immunoglobulins
  • Thus, passive transfer of immunoglobulins from mare to foal via colostrum ensures that the newborn will
  • Produced in the mare's udder during the last 2-4 weeks of gestation in
  [Abstract]
• SUSPECTED NI - http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/lvmillon/NI.htm
  
  • (NI) is a disease of newborn foals caused when the mare produces antibodies against the foal' s red blood
  • This syndrome can occur when the blood type of the mare is different from that of the stallion and the foal
  • Every mare who is negative for these factors has the potential
  • A mare that has produced a foal with NI is likely to produce
  • in humans, the damaging antibodies produced by the mare do not cross to the foal through the placenta during
  • Instead, they will be ingested by the foal in the mare' s colostrum.
  • There is the potential for NI in every donkey-mare match; the reported incidence in mules is 10%.
  • blood cells (purple or yellow top tube) along with the mare' s serum.
  • We will test the mare's sample against the panel, and will crossmatch it with
  • Also, the JFA is usually performed with the colostrum of the mare.
  [Abstract]
• Veterinary Corner - http://www.horse-previews.com/597articles/597vetcorner.html
  
  • neonatal period by providing passive immunity from the mare.
  • passive immunity is the dam's first milk, also known as colostrum.
  • the foal in order to boost the immune levels of the colostrum to common diseases.
  • Colostrum is filled with antibodies that are concentrated from
  • the mare's blood into the udder approximately 24 hours before
  • the opportunity to absorb these antibodies - ingested colostrum will provide little or no immunity.
  • Some foals do not get adequate immunity from colostrum.
  • The mare may have poor quality colostrum, or the foal, if weak,
  • sick, or rejected by the mare, may not ingest enough during those first few critical
  • reason for this is that the passive immunity provided by colostrum blocks the ability of the foal to respond to a vaccine
  [Abstract]
• Teller Glossary - http://www.morab.com/teller/tellerglossary.html
  
  • Used to describe a filly or mare that was bred and did not conceive during the last
  • broodmare;
  • A filly or mare that has been bred and is used to produce foals.
  • colostrum;
  • Thick, extra rich milk secreted by the mare' s mammary glands at the foals' s birth.
  • Otherwise, the mare will eat the foal's food.
  • dam's sire (broodmare sire);
  • The sire of a broodmare.
  • high caloric intake (either from grain or a heavily lactating mare) and a fast growth rate.
  • Associated with ovulation; a mare usually is receptive to breeding during estrus.
  [Abstract]
• Horse Health Care - Reproduction, from the Equine Research Centre at Guelph, Ontario, Canada - www.erc.on.ca - http://www.erc.on.ca/health_reproduction.htm
  
  • First Milk - Colostrum
  • Nutrition Tips for the Mare and Foal
  • Preparing the Mare for Breeding
  • Mare and Foal
  [Abstract]
• Electric Library Personal Edition - Results - http://wwws.elibrary.com/id/238/118/search.cgi?form=search&src-mags=checked&src-...
  
  • colostrum And mare
  • DANDO'S COFFIN IS CARRIED INTO CHURCH IN WESTON SUPER MARE
  • BREEDERS CUP FILLY & MARE TURF HOPEFUL TROUT CHARMANT ON TRACK
  • Eguren, José María (hOsA´ mArE´ä egOO´rAn)
  • Mare brings $US1.
  • IS TAKEN INTO CLARENCE PARK CHURCH IN WESTON-SUPER-MARE
  [Abstract]
• G95-1237-A; Feeding and Care of Orphaned Foals - http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/Animals/g1237.htm
  
  • Collection and Storage of Colostrum
  • Losing a mare is never expected and being left with a motherless
  • orphan can turn into an unexpected nightmare.
  • be that the foal has received sufficient amounts of colostrum.
  • Colostrum, or a mare's first milk, con- tains a high concentration
  • Colostrum is secreted by the mare during the first 24 to 48
  • placental transfer of antibodies during pregnancy from mare to fetus, thus the foal is born without any protection
  • Antibodies are acquired by the nursing foal through the colostrum, (passive transfer), to protect the newborn against
  • Gastrointestinal tract absorption of colostrum begins to decrease after 12 hours, with minimal absorption
  • Ideally a foal should receive 250 ml of colostrum every hour for the first six hours after birth.
  [Abstract]
• Cyberfoal Colostrum Required - http://www.oldstandrews.com.au/~helen/cfcolostrumrequired.htm
  
  • Cyberfoal Colostrum Required
  • Colostrum Required
  • Colostrum is required for a pure breed quarter horse mare who
  • we normally have a frozen supplies of colostrum but we have had to use this earlier in the
  • season and have none left for this mare, we are in Queensland 40 mins from Brisbane.
  • listed with each foal if you can offer, or require, colostrum.
  • regarding mares, foals and colostrum and to negotiate
  • veterinarian before making any decisions concerning your mare or foal.
  [Abstract]
• Llamapaedia: Crias: Colostrum - http://www.llamapaedia.com/crias/colostrum.html
  
  • Llamapaedia: Crias: Colostrum
  • Colostrum is the first milk produced by the dam which contains
  • This makes colostrum essential to the health of any cria.
  • cria who does not receive enough antibodies from the colostrum to protect against disease is said to have
  • Colostrum is less critical in other species like dogs, cats and
  • entire source of protective antibodies comes from the colostrum.
  • in llama colostrum.
  • llama colostrum
  • protein and lactose and has a higher water content than colostrum.
  • and is relatively similar between regular milk and colostrum.
  [Abstract]
• Parasitology - Picture Index for Internal Parasites of the Horse - http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/parasit/horse/horse_picindex.html
  
  • in Mare's Colostrum
  [Abstract]
• The Design of Horse Milk - Dandy Designs - Does God Exist? - MayJun97 - http://www.doesgodexist.org/MayJun97/TheDesignOfHorseMilk.html
  
  • is such that antibiotics cannot be passed from the mare to the foal during gestation.
  • necessary antibodies is from a substance known as colostrum which the foal receives from the mother's milk.
  • he mare's milk is an incredibly designed and almost magical
  • unique thing the foal gets from drinking the milk is colostrum, which contains all the antibodies the foal needs to
  • If the foal gets 500 cc of colostrum it will be protected, but there is a limited time to
  • Colostrum is available in the mare's udder for a maximum of three
  • During the first hours of a foal's life colostrum will be concentrated at the end of the mare's teats
  • Most foals get over 1000 cc of colostrum before the mare's milk contains just normal milk.
  • No other mammal has the colostrum system to protect their young.
  • would suggest that design features and substances like colostrum are the result of planning by the Creator.
  [Abstract]
• Colostrum: Collection, Handling & Care - http://www.horse-previews.com/698articles/colostrumcollection.html
  
  • Colostrum: Collection, Handling & Care
  • Colostrum is that all important life giving first milk produced
  • by a mare for her newborn foal.
  • Mares produce colostrum for approximately two days after foaling with the richest
  • Similarly, the foal is most able to absorb colostrum antibodies in the first 24 hours of life.
  • If a mare has dripped large amounts of milk prior to foaling,
  • fear that a foal did not receive and absorb enough colostrum, there is a quick and easy blood test to tell.
  • taken to save a foal that has not absorbed enough colostrum.
  • mothers within 12 hours of foaling and add it to my colostrum bank.
  • It is easiest to milk the mare while her new foal is snacking at the other seat at
  [Abstract]
• Post-foaling Care Of The Mare And Foal - http://www.ag.auburn.edu/dept/ads/ExtPrograms/anr-922.html
  
  • Post-foaling Care Of The Mare And Foal
  • POST-FOALING CARE OF THE MARE AND FOAL
  • owners who have decided to raise a foal from their mare often miss the actual birth of the foal.
  • The average pregnancy length in the mare is 336 to 340 days, but horses have a wide variation
  • after the foal is born to assure the health of the mare and foal.
  • you should leave the foaling area and observe the mare and foal from a distance.
  • This allows the mare and foal time alone to recover from the delivery and
  • If the mare has not stood up yet, the foal's movements usually
  • You should wait for either the mare or foal to break the umbilical cord.
  • and interferes with the bonding process between the mare and foal.
  [Abstract]
• Foaling Resources - http://www.foalstory.com/resources.html
  
  • Mare Management
  • Mare Care and Breeding
  • The Foaling Mare Management
  • The Foaling Mare
  • Late-Summer Broodmare Management
  • Nutrition Management of the Pregnant and Lactating Mare
  • Maintaining Your Broodmare
  • Broodmare Nutrition Basics
  • Guide to Nurse Mare Farms
  • Orphan foals, Nurse Mares & Colostrum
  [Abstract]
• ANR-922 POST-FOALING CARE OF THE MARE AND FOAL - http://www.aces.edu/department/extcomm/publications/anr/anr-922/anr-922.html
  
  • ANR-922 POST-FOALING CARE OF THE MARE AND FOAL
  • Post-Foaling Care of the Mare and Foal
  • owners who have decided to raise a foal from their mare often miss the actual birth of the foal.
  • The average pregnancy length in the mare is 336 to 340 days, but horses have a wide variation
  • after the foal is born to assure the health of the mare and foal.
  • you should leave the foaling area and observe the mare and foal from a distance.
  • This allows the mare and foal time alone to recover from the delivery and
  • If the mare has not stood up yet, the foal's movements usually
  • You should wait for either the mare or foal to break the umbilical cord.
  • it interferes with the bonding process between the mare and foal.
  [Abstract]
• 1999 Back Issues - http://www.horse-previews.com/prev99.html
  
  • Equine Colostrum Bank
  • Front Cover: Khy: Pure Polish Arabian Mare
  [Abstract]
• Mare & Foal Health - Best of L'il Beginnings - http://www.lilbeginnings.com/links/info/breeding2/
  
  • Mare & Foal Health - Best of L'il Beginnings
  • the umbilical chord breaks) and mix with a drop of colostrum from the mare.
  • IMMEDIATELY to give the foal IGG, or an artificial colostrum or colostrum from another mare.
  • Then keep the foal with the mare, but muzzled for 48 hours and bottle feed with another
  • Milk the mare so that she won't stop making milk.
  • After the colostrum is gone the foal can start nursing without danger.
  • It is only the antibodies in the colostrum that fights the foals immune system.
  • filly went off her grain a (sweet feed mixed with Mare & Foal) also about a month ago.
  • Found out she was crazy over just the Mare & Foal food, I gave her straight Mare &
  • First time foaling concerns (mare & owner)
  [Abstract]
• Foaling Mare and Newborn - http://www.dclahdvm.com/articles/foaling.htm
  
  • Foaling Mare and Newborn
  • CARING FOR THE FOALING MARE AND NEWBORN
  • If your mare has made it through 11 months of pregnancy, you're
  • Despite your frequent visits to the barn, your mare may give birth the minute you step away.
  • What your mare will need, however, is a clean, safe, quiet place to
  • Allowing the mare to foal in the pasture even has some advantages.
  • You won't have to worry about the mare crowding into a corner or foaling too close to a wall.
  • However, many owners prefer to confine the mare to observe her progress.
  • Should you choose to foal your mare in a stall, provide one that is a minimum of 14' x
  • shavings, as it won't cling to the wet newborn or mare the way small wood particles can.
  [Abstract]
• Failure of Passive Transfer in Foals - http://www.equine-reproduction.com/articles/FPT.htm
  
  • Foals acquire that immunity, initially, through the mare's colostrum, which should be high in immunoglobulins.
  • suitable antibodies transferred to the foal in the colostrum.
  • associated important point is that of transferring a mare to her foaling location preferably no fewer than 30
  • This allows the mare to develop suitable antibodies to any organisms present that
  • antibodies should then be available to the foal in the mare’s colostrum.
  • Ensuring that a foal receives adequate colostrum is not however, a guarantee in itself of protection
  • There is the possibility that the colostrum may not contain immunoglobulins, or that the foal for
  [Abstract]
• Re: Leaking udder in older mare - http://www.horseadvice.com/forum/forumreproduction/messages/1680.html
  
  • Re: Leaking udder in older mare
  • Leaking udder in older mare
  • I would suspect a pituitary tumor in this mare.
  • : pure colostrum (according to my vet).
  • left side starting swelling and producing : : pure colostrum (according to my vet).
  [Abstract]
• G94-1230-A; The Foaling Mare - http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/horse/g1230.htm
  
  • G94-1230-A; The Foaling Mare
  • The Foaling Mare
  • foaling, allowing for immediate assistance to both mare and foal if needed.
  • Being present when a mare foals can be more difficult than expected.
  • The mare seems to prefer solitude and quiet during parturition.
  • are various traits which can influence length of a mare's pregnancy.
  • The nutritional plane of a mare also has been shown to have some influence on gestation
  • it is recommended to keep accurate records on each mare to aid future deliveries.
  • Due to oozing out of some of the colostrum, the ends of the teats become covered over and the
  • mare is said to be "waxing", which occurs 1-2 days before
  [Abstract]
• Milk Fever - http://www.mccallhorseworld.com/Pool%20hemolytic%20icterus.htm
  
  • What a relief we all share when our mare finally delivers a strong, healthy baby! A feeling
  • The mare's bag, rich in nutrients, drips with colostrum.
  • For these ill-fated, colostrum will serve to weaken, rather than strengthen.
  • What caused the life-giving colostrum to turn traitor, killing off the life Nature intended
  • First, the mare and the foal were of incompatible blood types.
  • Normally there is not an exchange of blood between the mare and her fetus.
  • Unless there is an abnormality, the mare's immune system will not come into contact with the
  • will grow, be nurtured and protected by his dam's colostrum.
  • develop an opportunity must develop which will allow the mare to be exposed to the incompatible blood type.
  • seepage of the fetal blood into the bloodstream of the mare.
  [Abstract]
• EquineCanada Magazine - Vol. 3 No. 2 - Research - Colostrum - http://www.equinecanada.com/vol_3_2/eq_magazine_research_milk.htm
  
  • 2 - Research - Colostrum
  • Colostrum: First Milk Facts
  • All foals require colostrum or "first milk" for protection against disease.
  • You may need an immediate source of colostrum for supplementation in situations such as the following:
  • older mare
  • mare death
  • In late gestation (pregnancy), antibodies from the mare's blood are concentrated in her mammary gland.
  • Colostrum or the "first milk" has a high content of these antibodies
  • Colostrum for banking (collection and use at another time) should
  • be collected from the mare within 4-6 hours of foaling.
  [Abstract]
• Expectant Mare--Assuring the Health and Well-Being of the Pregnant Mare - http://www.aaep.org/ownereducation/expectant_mare.asp
  
  • Expectant Mare--Assuring the Health and Well-Being of the Pregnant
  • EXPECTANT MARE
  • Assuring the Health and Well-Being of the Pregnant Mare
  • horses, this perception is perhaps due to the mare's relatively poor reproductive performance in comparison
  • However, in a natural setting, the mare does comparatively well reproductively.
  • many questions about caring for your expectant mare.
  • With a little TLC, your mare should progress through her pregnancy without
  • When the mare conceives, the fertilized egg (zygote) travels down
  • reasons, some breeding farms simply tease the mare 14-20 days after her last breeding date to see if she
  • Good broodmare management is the best aid for helping the mare make
  [Abstract]
• Throwaway foals find haven at rescue farm - http://www.dispatch.com/news/newsfea00/apr00/261973.html
  
  • The mare will be forced to nurse a strange foal, one with a
  • which the foal receives vital, immunity- producing colostrum, they soon are too weak to survive.
  • mares is common, more often because of a Thoroughbred mare's inability to produce enough milk than for a quick
  • Tammy Roseberry, part of a family-run nurse mare farm in northern Kentucky, said reputable operations
  • Derby-caliber farms such as Overbrook -- would never withhold colostrum or milk.
  • farms simply are not willing to spend the money on colostrum, or to wait until the foal has had some time with its
  • A lucky few also receive a $98 dose of purchased colostrum.
  • Hopes for buying more foals and more colostrum are riding on Saturday's Best of 2000 Colored Foal
  • Bidding for that item -- a depiction of a mare and colt titled First Jump -- will start at $4,100.
  [Abstract]
• Colostrum Fact sheet - ERC, Guelph - http://www.erc.on.ca/health_repro_colostrum.htm
  
  • Colostrum Fact sheet - ERC, Guelph
  • All foals require colostrum or " first milk" for protection against
  • You may need an immediate source of colostrum for supplementation in situations such as the
  • older mare
  • mare death
  • In late gestation (pregnancy), antibodies from the mare's blood are concentrated in her mammary gland.
  • Colostrum or the " first milk" has a high content
  • Colostrum for banking (collection and use at another time) should
  • be collected from the mare within 4-6 hours of foaling.
  • If mares pre-lactate, their colostrum may not contain sufficient IgG.
  [Abstract]
• FOALING EMERGENCY????? - http://www.warmbloods.net/health/_disc117/000000d3.htm
  
  • anyone that has or knows of someone that has the NIGHTMARE of loosing a mare or foal or maybe has a N I Mare and
  • needs colostrum and milk, THERE IS HELP AT CYBERFOAL.
  [Abstract]
• AS-491 - http://www.agcom.purdue.edu/AgCom/Pubs/AS/AS-491.html
  
  • Management of the Pregnant Mare
  • It covers many, but not all, aspects of broodmare management.
  • breeding practices and the reproductive process, the mare's reproductive control mechanisms are quite efficient
  • protect the future reproductive capabilities of the mare, it is essential to build a sound, practical understanding
  • of the mare's reproductive process and develop breeding practices
  • All reproductive actions in the mare are controlled by her endocrine system.
  • because of a natural imbalance or a disturbance, a mare will have problems cycling, conceiving, maintaining
  • The mare has a strong follicle stimulating phase of her cycle,
  • corpus luteum, reduce progesterone, and allow the mare to cycle again.
  • This prevents the mare from coming back into estrus and disrupting the newly
  [Abstract]
• Breeding - http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/rirdc/articles/breeding/breeding.htm
  
  • The effect of mare factors on offspring potential
  • What happens to foals that don't get colostrum?
  • Nothing Compares to Mare’s Milk
  [Abstract]
• Mane Points: Breeding and Foaling Index - http://www.manepoints.com/breed/breed.html
  
  • Broodmare nutrition basics
  • Having a mare in foal means that you're taking on new responsibilities.
  • The most important may be your mare's nutrition.
  • The hope of every mare owner is a healthy foal with an attentive dam.
  • The dependent newborn needs mama's colostrum for a healthy start and if the mare provides
  • Maiden mare
  • about than amateur breeders, but no matter who has the mare to be bred, breeding successfully is more than letting
  • When you first found out your mare was pregnant, 300 days seemed so long to wait.
  [Abstract]
• AS-490 - http://www.agcom.purdue.edu/AgCom/Pubs/AS/AS-490.html
  
  • Management of the Foaling Mare
  • It is critical to properly prepare a mare for foaling if an owner is to realize the results of
  • This publication is designed to help mare owners properly prepare the environment, themselves,
  • and their mare for foaling.
  • process and provides the steps necessary to ensure mare and foal health and successful rebreeding.
  • (the tenth and eleventh months of gestation), the mare's abdomen takes on the pendulous, enlarged characteristics
  • The mare develops a wider stride to compensate for the increased
  • This is a common occurrence if the mare is consuming fescue grass.
  • from the teats prior to foaling, as the antibody-rich colostrum can be lost.
  • The mare's tail head, croup, and perineal area become relaxed several
  [Abstract]
• Born To Run - 2/5/99 - http://o-zone.starbanner.com/BornToRun/BornToRunSense020599.html
  
  • Generically known as a broodmare, she is always retired from her race career.
  • : A horse is ''by'' a stallion and ''out of'' a mare.
  • The breeder of a horse is the person who owns the mare at the time of the foal's birth.
  • Also a mare preparing for her first birth is a ''maiden'' mare.
  • : The physical breeding act between stallion and mare.
  • The stallion ''covers'' the mare.
  [Abstract]
• The Immune System - http://www.gvequine.com.au/The%20immune%20system.htm
  
  • layers) there is no transfer of antibodies from the mare to the foal in the uterus.
  • in the form of maternal immunoglobulin in the colostrum of the mare.
  • the normal foal, and from about 2 weeks in the colostrum-deprived foal.
  • The first ‘milk’ produced by the mare.
  • of Ig, particularly IgG, concentrated from the mare’s blood by the mammary gland during the last 3-4
  • Mare produces about 1-2L of colostrums, but only ONCE
  • Colostrum is important, not only because it supplies essential
  • Absorption of Colostrum
  • In addition, while the gut is permeable to colostrum, it is also permeable to bacteria and other organisms
  • ideally we want the foal to ingest and absorb adequate colostrum as early as possible to avoid intestinal infections.
  [Abstract]
• 2000 Exodus Breeders Supply Company - General Foaling - http://www.exodusbreeders.com/generalfoal.html
  
  • A mare generates an antibody response against a foreign antigen.
  • to the circulation of her foal through ingestion of colostrum.
  • (1) The mare must be exposed to a red cell factor, the antigen,
  • (4) The mare must make colostrum, which contains these antibodies.
  • " a" is not listed under the system, the mare does not have that factor and is considered a higher
  • occurs in the breed and thus stallions to which the mare may be bred have the factor.
  • Theoretically, any factor lacked by the mare and present in the foal and stallion can be a problem,
  • If a mare is known to be at risk either based on knowledge
  • antibodies during the last month of gestation or her colostrum can be tested against the foal's or stallion's red
  • If antibody is detected before ingestion of colostrum, the foal can be prevented from ingesting the "
  [Abstract]
• Foaling Management - http://www.gaitedhorses.net/FoalingManagement2.htm
  
  • The Foaling Mare Management Guidelines
  • This "first milk" is called colostrum.
  • foal relies on the absorption of antibodies from the mare's colostrum for this early life protection from many
  • The colostrum also provides a mild laxative effect for the foal,
  • not stood and nurses within 3 to 6 hours, milk some colostrum from the mare and bottle feed the baby.
  • several days) may loose large amounts of the vital colostrum.
  • If the foal cannot receive colostrum from the dam, because of complications from the
  • birth, the mare not bagging or the loss of the colostrum prior to foaling
  • the foal MUST be given an alternative source of colostrum.
  • Colostrum can be collected from mares and stored by freezing
  [Abstract]
• Crossmatch: NI - http://web.vet.cornell.edu/public/popmed/clinpath/CPmodules/coags/mrefoal.htm
  
  • Mare-foal Incompatibility
  • The mare-foal incompatibility test is a crossmatch procedure
  • that looks for incompatibility between the mare and the foal.
  • mare serum
  • (or colostrum) to
  • The mare-foal incompatibility crossmatch is a test for the confirmation
  • The mare is sensitized to the blood group antigen of the stallion
  • which the foal's blood comes into contact with the mare's circulation during the last few weeks of pregnancy.
  • multiparous mares and only after the foal has ingested colostrum.
  • When the foal ingests colostrum containing antibodies from the mare against the sire's
  [Abstract]
• The Mare Owners Resource - Care of the New Born foal - http://www.stallionsdirect.com/mares/care_of_the_newborn_foal.html
  
  • The Mare Owners Resource - Care of the New Born foal
  • For Mare Owners
  • Inside the mare, it is protected from viruses and bacteria.
  • The condition of the mare is the most influential factor in this risk zone.
  • delay in ingestion of colostrum (within 2 hours of birth)
  • to check everything over and inspect both the mare and foal
  • Clean the mare off as soon as the delivery is complete, especially
  • Make sure the foal gets colostrum
  • If the foal has not suckled from the mare within an hour of feeding but wants to, draw
  • colostrum off the mare and give it to the foal.
  [Abstract]
• RD17210: BREEDING & STUD MANAGEMENT - http://users.aber.ac.uk/infoman/wirs/exam98/semester1/rd17210.html
  
  • On what day during a mare's oestrous cycle should you aim to cover her?
  • Give three methods of detecting pregnancy in the mare.
  • of pregnancy should you consider increasing the mare's nutrient intake? Give reasons for your choice.
  • If the placenta of a mare is partly retained after birth what should be done
  • What is colostrum? Name its functions.
  • important to monitor the body condition of a brood mare?
  [Abstract]
• BIOQUAL INC. - Lyphomune IgG, Products - http://www.bioqual.com/lyphomune.htm
  
  • protection by its mother's first milk, or colostrum, which is rich in maternal antibodies.
  • nurse or which are rejected by the mare after birth often become immunodeficient,
  • Other causes of FPT include premature lactation by the mare, abnormally low or no immunoglobulin
  • content in the mare's colostrum, maternal infection, mare
  • Administration of colostrum is desirable in these cases.
  • However, IgG-rich colostrum is generally not available and is
  • IgG levels comparable to levels observed following colostrum ingestion.
  [Abstract]
• Veterinary Corner - http://www.horse-previews.com/699articles/0699vetcorner.html
  
  • They expect that the mare will give birth in the middle of the night and they
  • up to find a healthy foal nursing on a contented mare.
  • immune system and must receive antibodies from the mare's colostrum or another source in order to be able
  • transfer occurs because the foal did not get enough colostrum due to lack of nursing, or because the mare did not
  • produce enough colostrum.
  • Exposure may occur from an infected umbilical stump, a mare that was sick during pregnancy, or simply from ingesting
  • A good program for the mare includes palpation and booster vaccines at 5, 7, and
  • take place in a clean, warm environment, and the mare's udder should be washed prior to nursing.
  • A veterinarian should examine the mare and foal within the first 24 hours after birth.
  • should be checked for adequate passive transfer and the mare should be checked to ensure that she has not experienced
  [Abstract]
• Foaling Mare and Newborn--Preparing for a Safe and Successful Foal Delivery - http://www.aaep.org/ownereducation/foaling_mare.asp
  
  • Foaling Mare and Newborn--Preparing for a Safe and Successful Foal
  • FOALING MARE AND NEWBORN
  • CARING FOR THE FOALING MARE AND NEWBORN
  • If your mare has made it through 11 months of pregnancy, you're
  • Despite your frequent visits to the barn, your mare may give birth the minute you step away.
  • What your mare
  • Allowing the mare to foal in the pasture even has some advantages.
  • You won't have to worry about the mare crowding into a corner or foaling too close to
  • However, many owners prefer to confine the mare to observe her progress.
  • Should you choose to foal your mare in a stall, provide one that is a minimum of 14' x
  [Abstract]
• Foal Kit - http://www.gaitedhorses.net/FoalKit.html
  
  • The tetanus antitoxin, in case the mare's colostrum didn't furnish enough immunity for the
  • IGG, is a commercial substitute for colostrum, from equine serum.
  • to wrap the mare's tail prior to foaling.
  • to wash the mare's hindquarters
  • Disinfectant to clean off the mare's perineum, along with regular exam gloves so
  • cleaning your hands and arms or the foal and mare.
  • be able to call a vet without having to LEAVE the mare!
  • syringes, proper size needle(s) for mare/foal
  • Mare's halter and lead
  • In case the mare must be encouraged to stand.
  [Abstract]
• Equine World, Horse News and Information Source: News Horse Trivia - http://www.equineworld.net/newborn.htm
  
  • Expect the mare to foal approximately 340 days post conception.
  • Mothering by the mare normally helps to clear internal mucous.
  • respond favorably to the mothering instinct of the mare - by shaking its head and flapping its wet ears.
  • start kicking their legs and openly accept the " mare to foal" bond.
  • experiment once standing and stable, moving around the mare looking for its methers teats.
  • The foal should suckle adequate colostrum within 1-2 hours orf birth.
  • foals are slow or refuse to nurse, the first milk (colostrum) must be bottle-fed or stomach tubed if necessary.
  • Check the mares colostrum for quantity, colour (rich yellow), and viscosity (thick).
  • Milk colostrum into the palm of your hand - if the mare allows you!
  • An immunoglobulin test (> 500mg Ig/dl colostrum is desirable) would be very beneficial where the necessary
  [Abstract]
• Breeding articles for conception, mare & foal care - http://www.raineyvalleyfarm.com/stallions/breeding_articles.htm
  
  • Breeding articles for conception, mare & foal care
  • Mare Vetting
  • Mare Care
  • Breeding Your Mare
  • Help Mare to Conceive
  • Prepare Mare for Breeding
  • Mare Exam & Reproductive Anatomy
  • Prebreeding Examination of the Mare
  • Barren Mare Issues
  • Mare Conception & Infertility
  [Abstract]
• Vet Rap Articles: Foaling - http://www.equiresource.com/vetrap/foal_ermerg.htm
  
  • Foal wanders away from the mare or in unaware of the mare in the stall.
  • looking at the foal, don't forget that the mare can give you an indication that the foal is
  • infection early in its life, it must ingest colostrum (first milk) which contains the antibodies
  • Premature lactation (loss of colostrum before birth).
  • Inadequate colostrum production by the mare or poor colostral
  • may be capable of absorption, but colostrum may not have formed.
  • do you tell if the foal got a good quality colostrum and an adequate amount?
  • If the mare dripped milk for any appreciable time before
  • foaling, assume that she has lost her colostrum.
  • If the mare doesn't drip milk before foaling, collect
  [Abstract]
• First Milk - Colostrum, from the ERC - http://www.erc.on.ca/colostrum.htm
  
  • First Milk - Colostrum, from the ERC
  • All foals require " first milk" or colostrum for protection against disease.
  • In cases such as an uncooperative mare, a weak foal, twins, incompatible blood types,
  • a pre-lactating or older mare, you may need an immediate source of colostrum for
  • The following are some tips for colostrum collection and banking.
  • IgG (immunoglobulin G) is transferred from the mare to the foal via the colostrum and provides the
  • The concentration of IgG in colostrum declines to a critical level of 10g/litre at different
  • perhaps sooner, but some mares may have IgG in their colostrum up to 19 hours.
  • To err on the side of safety, collect colostrum for banking within 4-6 hours of foaling.
  • Mares that pre-lactate or drip colostrum for several days before foaling should be milked
  [Abstract]
• Horse Talk (UK) Home Page - http://members.aol.com/arfryn1/HorseTalk/feedfoal.htm
  
  • of the foal is the responsibility of the mare whose feeding management has been described.
  • Overall, it is beneficial to have the mare in good condition at the onset of lactation.
  • The first milk or colostrum contains a lot of protein.
  • The foal depends on this maternal colostrum for the acquisition of certain proteins (immunoglobulins)
  • If the foal does not receive colostrum during this period then it will be susceptible
  • 17 and 19% to between 2 and 3% in normal mare' s milk.
  • rise in the quantity of milk produced by the mare and this ensures that the foal receives a high
  • Normal mare' s milk is high in carbohydrate and
  • Colostrum Deprivation
  • Some maiden mare' s may be reluctant to stand still to
  [Abstract]
• Tip of the Month - http://www.buenavistafarm.com/tip_month_1-1.asp
  
  • The Easy Way To Milk A Mare
  • many important reasons why you may need to milk your mare.
  • earlier the newborn foal receives the first milk (colostrum) the more protected he will be against infections.
  • Thus many breeding farms will milk the colostrum from the mares as soon as the baby is born and feed
  • The baby gets his colostrum without problems and the handler can go back to bed.
  • Another reason for collecting milk is to freeze colostrum for later use form a good producing mare (most breeding
  • operations will have a colostrum bank in case they foal a mare that does not produce
  • adequate colostrum), or to save colostrum form a mare that is dripping
  • Anyone who has ever milked a mare knows that it can be hard labor.
  • Mare's teats are small and difficult to reach.
  [Abstract]
• My mare in foal to Virgil had a disasterous foaling... - http://www.warmbloods.net/trak2a/_disc4/000002d8.htm
  
  • My mare in foal to Virgil had a disasterous foaling.
  • I milked 1 gallon of colostrum from the mare and got it into the foal.
  • are feeding her goats milk every hours and have a mare at the stable that will let her nurse some.
  [Abstract]
• horse breeding - health information for young foals at HorseIT.com - http://www.horseit.com/en/breeding/
  
  • Successfully Foaling Your Mare At Home -
  • want to breed a foal from your mare, it might seem logical to pick the
  • This is a Palatable liquid colostrum feed for newborn foals.
  [Abstract]
• neonatalfoalcare - http://horsecla.hostme.com/neonatalfoalcare.html
  
  • stand back and allow the mare and foal to bond and establish their
  • Intrauterine antibodies are not provided to the foal by the mare
  • through the mare's thick placenta and into the foal's bloodstream.
  • her first milk, the colostrum.
  • The colostrum, however, is available
  • Ingestion of colostrum is therefore the
  • the foal receive colostrum during the first twelve hours of life to
  • The process by which antibodies are passed from mare to foal is called
  • the colostrum, the foal is unable to absorb and use them.
  • Antibodies against certain diseases will be present in the mare's
  [Abstract]
• Stallings Paint Horses: Breeding and Foaling Index - http://www.stallingspainthorses.com/breedingandfoalinformationindex.html
  
  • Foal Nurse Mare Farms
  • Synthetic Colostrum
  • Broodmare's Estrous Cycle Primer
  • Regulating the Mare's Estrus Cycle
  [Abstract]
• BIOQUAL INC. - Lyphomune IgG, Products - http://www.diagnon.com/lyphomune.htm
  
  • protection by its mother's first milk, or colostrum, which is rich in maternal antibodies.
  • nurse or which are rejected by the mare after birth often become immunodeficient,
  • Other causes of FPT include premature lactation by the mare, abnormally low or no immunoglobulin
  • content in the mare's colostrum, maternal infection, mare
  • Administration of colostrum is desirable in these cases.
  • However, IgG-rich colostrum is generally not available and is
  • IgG levels comparable to levels observed following colostrum ingestion.
  [Abstract]
• Managing Your Pregnant Mare and Her Foal, EC 1476 - http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/ec/ec1476/ec1476.html
  
  • Managing Your Pregnant Mare and Her Foal, EC 1476
  • Managing Your Pregnant Mare and Her Foal
  • Managing Your Pregnant Mare
  • After-foaling mare care
  • Proper mare management is essential to ensure the birth
  • To breed efficiently, your mare must be in proper body condition.
  • To provide the best protection for your mare and her foal, follow your veterinarian's recommended
  • Deworm your mare every 2 months throughout pregnancy except
  • Do not give your mare unnecessary drugs during the first 60 days, nor during
  • Keep your mare in a consistent body condition rather than
  [Abstract]
• Colostrum - Liquid Gold - http://mcdowell.ces.state.nc.us/newsletters/horse/97-11/4.shtml
  
  • Colostrum - Liquid Gold
  • COLOSTRUM- LIQUID GOLD
  • and does not allow passage of antibodies from the mare to the foal fetus.
  • basically no protection from infection, and rely on the mare's first milk, the colostrum, to provide immunoglobulins.
  • When the mare is greater than 10 days away from foaling, the milk that
  • This is the colostrum, which is very high in IgG concentrations,
  • This is the accumulation of dried beads of colostrum at the end of the teat.
  • of twins, or for reasons unknown, will lose their colostrum from the udder as it is formed.
  • This can mean disaster because colostrum is made only once, and if it leaks out of the udder
  • If you notice that your mare is leaking excessive amount of milk from the udder
  [Abstract]
• DVM's Equine Practice Builder " Induction of Parturition" - http://www.dvmnewsmagazine.com/hreqpb01a.html
  
  • Careful consideration should be given to appropriate mare candidates before induction of parturition takes
  • parturition that mimics spontaneous parturition in the mare is likely to be of most benefit to the foal.
  • the aim is to induce the mare on the afternoon of the evening she would otherwise
  • similar endocrine events in pending labor of the mare with respect to other species.
  • levels, may induce changes in connective tissue of the mare, thereby relaxing ligamentous structures of the caudal
  • percent, depending on the breed and parity of the mare.
  • Compromised mare: If the mare has a medical illness, or has experienced
  • -- concommitant mare compromise;
  • is the critical factor; the aim is to induce the mare to foal on the afternoon of the evening she would
  • The mare's cervix is soft and easily dilated.
  [Abstract]
• Equine Veterinary Services, scheduling page - http://www.rodeheaverdvm.com/foals.html
  
  • Vaccinate the mare at 5, 7, 9 months to reduce risk of abortion
  • Mare should reside on farm approximately 2 months prior
  • Vaccinate to increase antibody levels in colostrum (mare’s first milk) (4-6 weeks prior to foaling)
  • Observation is important, monitor mare at least every 2 hours
  • Closely monitor the late-term pregnant mare for any signs of illness
  • relaxation and elongation of the mare's external features
  • Wrap mare’s tail
  • Wash mare’s hindquarters - rinse
  • Observe quietly without disturbing mare
  • Do not pull if mare is making progress
  [Abstract]
• FoalWatch - http://www.chemetrics.com/Products/Foal.html
  
  • , et al, "Daytime Foaling Management of the Mare: 1: Pre-Foaling Mammary Secretions Testing",
  • , et al, "Daytime Foaling Management of the Mare: 2: Induction of Parturition",
  • , "Pre-foaling Management of the Mare and Induction of Parturition",
  • , "Management of the Foaling Mare: Prefoaling Considerations",
  • , "Management of the Foaling Mare: Prefoaling Readiness for Birth and Inducing Foaling",
  • test measures the concentration of calcium in the mare's colostrum, which rises sharply before birth.
  • begin testing once or twice a day about 2 weeks before the mare's expected foaling date.
  • and call it "convenient, reliable and safe for the mare, foal, producer, and veterinarian alike.
  • test ampoules, a test tube for collecting mare's milk, a bottle of distilled water, syringe, sample
  • Sampling and testing should begin 10-14 days before the mare's expected foaling date (335-340 days from her last breeding
  [Abstract]
• Breeding a Mare and raising a Foal - http://www.silvercreekfarm.com/breedmar.shtml
  
  • Breeding a Mare and raising a Foal
  • " Breeding a Mare"
  • Breeding a mare
  • Breeding a mare and raising a foal is something many dream of.
  • Before you consider breeding your mare, take a good hard look at her.
  • Once you determine that your mare is of a suitable quality to breed, look at her attitude
  • Although your foal will get half of his genes from the mare and half from the stallion, the foal stays with the
  • mare for three to six months and so will pick up more habits
  • from the mare.
  • This means if you have an aggressive mare, or one that is aggressive toward other horses, your
  [Abstract]
• AS-488 - http://persephone.agcom.purdue.edu/AgCom/Pubs/AS/AS-488.html
  
  • energetic, it is best to stand back and allow the mare and foal to bond and establish their relationship.
  • Intrauterine antibodies are not provided to the foal by the mare during gestation\(miprotective antibodies are too large
  • to pass through the mare's thick placenta and into the foal's bloodstream.
  • only through the antibodies in her first milk, the colostrum.
  • The colostrum, however, is available for only forty-eight hours after
  • Ingestion of colostrum is therefore the most critical factor influencing the
  • reason, it is extremely important that the foal receive colostrum during the first twelve hours of life to receive the
  • The process by which antibodies are passed from mare to foal is called passive transfer.
  • though the antibodies are readily available in the colostrum, the foal is unable to absorb and use them.
  • Antibodies against certain diseases will be present in the mare's colostrum if she is vaccinated with booster injections
  [Abstract]
• BREEDING and Foal Products - http://www.cavalor.com/vitamex/Cavalor.nsf/4c261aafa81d42f1c12567a9003fde4e/9260...
  
  • develop problems with respect to the absorption of colostrum, mare's milk, digestion, infections and growth.
  • In addition, good colostrum preparations and a high-grade mare's milk replacer
  • Cavalor has essential colostrum products (it is
  [Abstract]
• Theresa Jones : Foaling Advice 10 - http://horseforum.com/tjones/adv12.htm
  
  • Hi, I recently bought a 13 year old QH mare who is due in a month.
  • I bought her to be used as a brood mare, but I want to do what's fair and healthy for her.
  • If you bought the mare to be a brood mare, then by all means, breed her back.
  • I wrote you last week on my mare that had blood coming from her teats.
  • vet didn't seem real familiar with a supplement for colostrum.
  • I had seen a site that sold colostrum, but I can't find it again.
  • It doesn't sound to me like the mare will wait another three weeks to foal--it sounds like
  • I'd be willing to bet that your mare's milk will come in just fine.
  • doesn't, there are several commercial preparations of colostrum replacement that your vet can get.
  • Also, if worse comes to worse and your mare doesn't have milk, the foal can be given a blood or
  [Abstract]
• The Draft Horse Journal Veterinary Column: Doc - What About Selenium, Vitamin E, and Fat In the Diet of the Draft Horse? - http://www.drafthorsejournal.com/vetcolumns/winter00_01/winter00_01.htm
  
  • (EDM) and some reproductive disorders of the mare and stallion.
  • inadequate intake of vitamin E and selenium by the mare during pregnancy or during lactation.
  • In the pregnant mare, selenium is transferred across the placenta.
  • Both E and selenium are secreted into the mare' s milk and colostrum.
  • The mare' s milk and colostrum can be very high in
  • both, providing the mare has had an adequate intake.
  • Vitamin E must come in the colostrum and the first milk for it to be effective to the
  • any benefit of supplementing the diet of the mare or stallion with these products to enhance their
  • Could a lack of selenium in the mare cause the same conditions?
  • The afflicted mare would begin to sweat and then lie down.
  [Abstract]

  Abstracts

  Contains 73 items.

  • Alberta Horse Industry News: Alberta Nurse Mare and Colostrum Registry - http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/livestock/horses/news0498.html
    
    • Abstract:
      Document Excerpt: Alberta Horse Industry News Alberta Nurse Mare and Colostrum Registry. Alberta Nurse Mare and Colostrum Registry. The Alberta Equine Industry Development Council the Alberta Veterinary Medical Association and the Wild Rose Equine Ranching Association are operating a Nurse Mare and Colostrum Registry. Mare owners losing a foal are encouraged to contact the registry within four days of losing the foal so that the mare will remain lactating when the orphaned foal is put on the mare. This information is maintained by Sylvia Schneider at Pondside Web Productions in conjunction with the Horse Industry Section of Alberta Agriculture. Top of Document The user of this information agrees to the terms and conditions in the copyright and disclaimer Copyright C 1999-2000 Her Majesty the Queen in the Right of Alberta.
    [Contents]
  • Failure of Passive Transfer in Foals - http://members.aol.com/mpsvet/cvec/news.html
    
    • Abstract:
      Document Excerpt: Failure of Passive Transfer in Foals. Newsletter of the Month February 1998 You are visitor number to this page Failure of Passive Transfer in Foals The following are some excerpts related to the condition known as Failure of Passive Transfer in Foals. This condition results from inadequate production of a antibody enriched colostrum by the mare. The foal's own immune system 90 of the time is fully functional but requires 2 weeks to produce an adequate immune response to the pathogens to which it is exposed. When the foal nurses within the first hour or two of life it ingests the antibody rich colostrum this is termed passive transfer of antibodies'For the first 24 hours of life the foal's intestinal tract is open that is to say the intestines have openings microscopic in size but large enough to allow the passage of these relatively large macromolecules known as antibodies. Reasons for a lack of colostrum include Tall fescue toxicosis premature birth placentitis an anorexic or poor mare and maiden mares mares giving birth for the first time to name a few. The results of failure of passive transfer FPT can be devastating to the foal's survival. FPT if allowed to go untreated can result in neonatal septicemia joint ill navel ill pneumonia enterocolitis and other potentially moribund conditions. To determine whether or not a foal is exhibiting failure of passive transfer fpt a simple blood test can be performed. Most horse enthusiasts involved in the breeding of mares will typically have a veterinarian out to check the foal 12 to 24 hrs after its birth. Typically a foal check performed by the veterinarians at our clinic include a complete physical exam of the foal and mare administration of an antibiotic such as penicillin an injection of calphosan a mineral supplement and a tetanus antitoxin to the foal and administration of a tetanus vaccination to the mare. At this time it is also paramount for the veterinarian to check the mare's mammary gland development for adequate milk production as well as to ask the owner of the mare as to the fact of whether or not the mare leaked milk prior to the birth. At CVEC we use an ELISA test called CITE Foal IgG manufactured by IDEXX. This test can be run at our laboratory and results are obtained within 30 minutes of the start of the test. Treatment of failure of passive transfer in foals can be very easy economical and successful if it is diagnosed within 24 36 hours post partum. Alternatively if a frozen colostral bank is accessible frozen colostrum can be thawed and fed per nasogastric tube to the foal with varying results. For foal's in which FPT is diagnosed greater than 36 to 48 hrs post partum a different and more aggressive treatment regimen is instituted. The area over the jugular vein is clipped and a surgical prepped applied. The intravenous infusion is started at a very slow rate for the first 15 minutes this is necessary due to the fact that the plasma is of equine origin and if administered too rapidly at the start an anaphylactic reaction can occur. Intravenous plasma can be augmented with administration of a product called Endoserum. This product is administered intravenously diluted in a larger volume of Lactated Ringer's solution at a dose of 7 ml per pound of body weight. Failure of passive transfer in foals is a condition that can be devastating to the equine reproductive industry if allowed to go undiagnosed and untreated. It is imperative that horse owners that are interested in breeding be aware of the normal and abnormal conditions found in foals and mares in the post partum period. Next month we will look at the normal and abnormal conditions associated with breeding Stay tuned If you have any questions or comments regarding this months newsletter please email us by clicking here home tour the clinic staff links newsletter email.
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  • Sale Horses from New Mexico - http://www.horse-talk.com/horsetalk12.htm
    
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      Document Excerpt: Sale Horses from New Mexico. New Mexico Horse Directory Shop Horse Talk Colostrum Lozenge Giddap Sandia Soaps New Mexico I Want. Horse Activities Clubs and Organizations Advertise Web Site Design Arts Crafts Barns Fencing Boarding Day or Month Bulletin Board NM Sites Fly Trap Alternative Health Horse and Rider Employment Publications Horse Properties Sale Horses Services Stallions Supplies Tack New and Used Trail Riding Lessons Trainers Trucks Trailers Vacation Spots Register Your New Site on the Internet Share A Link Out of State General Links Breed Links Ranches Farms Home Page Visit us at Home Sale Horses from New Mexico. Post Here If you have a horse for sale you might want to visit our I Want Page Appendix Quarter horse Estancia Valley 5 year old maiden mare started on barrels. for 3000.00 2 14 01 Appendix Quarter horse Estancia Valley 6 year old Bay gelding trained in jumping stands 16 hands has potential to be a barrel horse or maybe a roper.Ridden mostly by a 15 year old girl. asking 6000.00 or best offer Contact name Fred or Jamie Phone 384-5458 or 384-4461 e-mail WERZAMORAS@aol.com 2 14 01 Welsh pony Estancia Valley Black little mare rides well vet aged at 14 or 15 years old stands to trim must sale 500.00 firm send your number I will call you back Contact name Ireta e-mail WERZAMORAS@AOL.COM 2 14 01 palamino Estancia Valley Gelding stands 15 hands trailer well sound good to trim possible kids horse has a lot of potential 9 years old must sale 1500.00 obo Contact name Ireta e-mail WERZAMORAS@AOL.COM 2 14 01 Saddlebred gelding Estancia Valley 7 year old sorrel gelding. Well started in dressage likes to jump trailers happily. Contact name Sandy Phone 384-9656 e-mail finley@flash.net 2 13 01 AQHA Portales 15 year old registered gelding. 2 13 01 Big 16h Good-looking Buckskin Gelding for sale. Contact Dave at 471-3515 or email at timberstud@aol.com 2 13 01 1 2 Arab Deming 13yr old gelding sorrel. 2 13 01 Arabian Santa Fe Purebred Registered Polish Arabian mare.14 yrs. 1000.00 2 8 01 Half Tennessee Walker Arabian Santa Fe We have a handsome 7 month old spotted colt out of an Arabian mare by a 16h. He is eligable for TRIPLE registration with the Spotted Saddle Horse Assoc. Contact name Michael or Barbara 4500.00 2 8 01 Tennessee Walker Quemado NM TWHBEA registered Breeding Stallion HEART OF ROCK AND ROLL is a black white Tobiano from a long line of champions. 14 yr 13 3 mare novice eventer wannabe jumpers 1st level dressage. red dun hot little number 2 5 01 Quarter Horse colt McIntosh NM This young colt cannot be registered. born this last spring very pretty dark bay will grow off to a good size asking 800.00 obo 2 3 01 Mustang Alamogordo For Sale 1 year old sorrel gelding. 2 3 01 Pinto albuquerque Hunter Jumper Pinto Gelding Albuquerque Indian Outlaw is a 6 yr old 16.1 hd reg. Has many show Champions and Reserve Champions in the Hunters Jumpers. 1800.00 2 1 01 Quarter horse Chimayo 12 year old sound and gentle mare anyone can ride 1100 or best offer must sell Contact name Alex Other horses available. e-mail 2 1 01 Registered Barb Mare For Sale Fourteen years old Blue Corn in color Very nice riding horse extreme endurance the specialty of this breed Has produced several nice offspring. Morgan Sunday January 28 2001 Beautiful and Big 12 yr. petie 87901@yahoo.com 1 27 01 13yo finished head horse bay quiet in box he is the same every trip used by a USTRC 6 roper Back to Doc Bar Ligthting Bar Sugar Bars and Poco Bueno This horse has lots of speed and is quiet and easy to handle He is the kind you can go win on today 7500.00 AQHA yearlings 3 fillies 1 horse colt Cornel Freckles breeding nice sound good looking colts 2000.00 or trade Three yo Rail A Gelding back to Mr. Gunsmoke lots of outside riding using now on wheat pasture cattle 3000.00 I also have several gentle geldings that will be 100 family horses safe sound and gentle. palamino McIntosh NM I must sell my 9 year old gelding he stands 15 hands palamino in color built like a stocky quarter horse make a good kids horse trailers well has been ridden by my kids 1000.00 1 24 01 11 yr 15 2 grey gelding. thoroughbarb@aol.com 1 18 01 4 yr 16hh dark grey gelding fearless but a little bossy physically immature for his age but a great prospect. 2 500 1 18 01 arabian gelding Chimayo 12year old arabian gelding lots of spirit gerat on trails 1500 or best offer also 12year old 1 4 horse mare very gentle good with kids 1400 or best offer call 1 18 01 For Sale 5 yr 15 2 h black QH gelding great temperament. Santa Fe 1 15 01 Paint santa fe I have a large 16.2-3hh paint gelding and I am looking for someone to half lease. 1 15 01 APHA Belen This 3 year old paint gelding is started and is a very good prospect for reinning bulldogging barrels polls or any cow work He has a very good dispition and is willing to do He is 14.5 hands and 1100 lbs is very quick. stands close to 15.3 will sell with a breeding to a good quarter horse stallion asking 3 500.00 obo I live in the Estancia Valley McIntosh NM 1 13 01 Apendix Quarter horses McIntosh N.M. bay stands 15.2 hands rides well has lots of potential asking 3 500.00 obo Contact name [Contents]
    • Colostrum in Mare's Milk - http://www.castlefarm-nc.com/heather/colostrum.html
      
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        Document Excerpt: Colostrum in Mare's Milk What is Colostrum During the last few weeks of pregnancy a mare will start to produce milk for the foal. This milk consists of many components necessary for the foal's survival. Magnesium potassium nitrogen calcium phosphorus and sodium also make up a portion of the mare's milk. However the most important component of the milk colostrum is produced just before the foal is born and for only a few days afterwards. After parturition the foal has nothing to protect it from all the dangers of bacteria and disease. The antibodies that are provided in the colostrum are the foal's first arsenal of defense until it has time to build up antibodies of its own. In order to insure that the foal gets enough of the necessary protectant the mare's owner can take the specific gravity of a sample of the colostrum. Taking the specific gravity allows the owner to make sure that the quality of the colostrum is beneficial to the foal. If the specific gravity is too low then the foal should be supplemented with better colostrum possibly from another mare.
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    • eHow to Rescue a Distressed Foal - http://www.ehow.com/eHow/eHow/0,1053,6062,00.html
      
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        Document Excerpt: eHow to Rescue a Distressed Foal. Terms of Use Home Pet Center Farm Animals eHow to Rescue a Distressed Foal by Jacqueline Tresl RN A foal is sometimes born into jeopardy. Or you may see a foal that looks neglected undernournished or abused. If the mare is nickering at the foal or cleaning and nuzzling it she may be showing she is agreeable to adopting the foal. Call your local police department or contact your humane officer if you believe the foal needs to be rescued. More Resources Related eHows Check a Horse's Digital Pulse Check a Horse's Heart Rate Check the Hydration of a Horse Determine if a Horse Is Sick Rescue a Sick Foal Related Products Search All Products Books Popular Music Classical Music Video DVD Toys Games Electronics Software Tools Hardware Lawn Patio Kitchen Camera Photo Wireless Phones Keywords Project Details Time Required 3 months. The Things You'll Need baby bottle Check Out 15 000 More How-To Solutions in eHow's Centers Automotive Finance Business Hobbies Games Personal Care Style Sports Fitness Careers Education Food Entertainment Holidays Traditions Pets Travel Computers Health Home Garden Relationships Family Home About Us Privacy Terms of Use C 2000 1999 eHow Inc.
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    • The Horse Interactive -- Answerline December 2000: Collecting Colostrum - http://www.thehorse.com/0012/answerline.html
      
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        Document Excerpt: The Horse Interactive Answerline December 2000 Collecting Colostrum. ESSENTIAL HORSE HOME December 2000 Features Index Answerline Home THE SCOOP KNOWLEDGE BANK THI HOME December 2000 ANSWERLINE Collecting Colostrum How can I collect colostrum from a mare and save it for future use and how long can I keep it Colostrum or first milk is the thick yellow secretion from the mammary gland that's present immediately after birth. Produced in the mare's udder during the last two to four weeks of gestation in response to hormonal changes colostrum contains concentrated immunoglobulins antibodies from the mare's serum. Colostrum and its protective antibodies are present in the mare's milk for only the first day after foaling these maternal antibodies are necessary to protect the foal against infectious diseases. But for various reasons a foal might not receive the colostrum it needs The foal is too weak to stand and nurse unassisted. A foal is capable of nursing but does not receive sufficient colostrum because the mare had premature lactation. Testing of the colostrum reveals an inadequate immunoglobulin content. Additionally one might opt to collect colostrum for storage in a colostrum bank as insurance for mares which deliver a foal then don't have sufficient quantity or quality of colostrum. Many large breeding farms collect and store colostrum for these reasons. Grasp the teat between the thumb and forefinger and gently squeeze and force the milk downward within the teat canal the cavity inside the teat No special equipment is required other than clean hands and a clean container in which to collect the colostrum. After the colostrum is collected it can be stored in any freezer for up to a year when frozen at 4 Fahrenheit 20 Celsius Frozen immunoglobins are stable for much longer but the overall quality of the colostrum deteriorates over time. It is preferable to collect colostrum shortly after the healthy foal has nursed the mare for the first time because over time the concentration of immu-noglobulins will be diluted by increasing milk production. It should be noted that if colostrum is stored in a colostrum bank where it might be administered to foals from other mares it is essential to have the colostrum tested prior to freezing for the presence of specific antibodies to equine red blood cell types Aa and Qa. These are the most common blood types that result in a colostrum cross-match abnormality known as neonatal isoerythrolysis NI or jaundiced foal In that situation the anti-Aa or anti-Qa antibodies in the colostrum bind to those specific blood types on the foal's red blood cells thus causing the removal of those antibody-coated red blood cells from the foal's blood circulation and resulting in anemia and jaundice. Testing can be done by several veterinary laboratories around the country at some of the larger referral practices and in the veterinary schools. ACVIM ACVP ACVECC is a Staff Internist Director of Clinical Laboratory at Hagyard-Davidson-McGee a large high-intensity equine referral hospital in Lexington Ky. He is an AAEP member with specialty interest in equine neonatal intensive care and prenatal assessment of the fetus perinatology His Diplomates are in the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine American College of Veterinary Pathologists and American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. The Scoop The Essential Horse Knowledge Bank Contact Us Subscribe Advertise 2000 The Horse.
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    • How to Raise a Healthy Foal - http://www.merricks.com/healthyfoal.html
      
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        Document Excerpt: HOW TO RAISE A HEALTHY FOAL Care of the Newborn Foal Attending the Birth of Your Foal Helping Your Foal to Nurse Colostrum Digestive Problems Normal Body Measurements Tips for Bottle Bucket Feeding Good Management Practices ATTENDING THE BIRTH OF YOUR FOAL. Successfully rearing a foal requires lots of time patience and work. Immediate attention to the newborn will increase its chance for survival and development into a healthy foal. If your veterinarian is not present the following suggestions should be helpful Provide a clean birthing area. If necessary umbilical clips or ties are available from your veterinarian and should be placed a few inches from the abdomen. Your veterinarian may also advise using a sterile gauze pad to compress and protect the navel after applying the iodine solution. Consult your veterinarian regarding any antibiotic use and medical treatment for your foal at birth and when signs of disease are present. If the foal does not show interest in nursing after three hours it may need some help and encouragement to get started. In extreme cases greater restraint or tranquilization may be required. If the mare is not producing an adequate supply of milk consult your veterinarian about injections to help increase milk flow. To provide adequate nutrition to the foal mare's milk should be supplemented with Grow-N-Glow Foal Milk Replacer. Consult with your veterinarian before attempting to tube-feed a foal. Since the tube can easily be incorrectly inserted into the foals lungs causing respiratory infections and death tube-feeding must be done only by experienced people. Grow-N-Glow Foal Milk Replacer is highly recommended since calf milk replacer or milk replacer for other animal species will not provide adequate nutrients levels and may result in unbalanced nutrition for the foal. Colostrum contains very high nutrient levels and is a critical source of antibodies or immunoglobulins for the foal. A newborn foal cannot produce sufficient antibodies early in life to protect itself from diseases so it must receive this protection from the mare. Since the mare does not pass antibodies to the foal prior to birth the foal must consume a sufficient amount of colostrum to provide adequate disease protection. More colostrum consumption in early life provides more disease protection. The newborn foal should receive at least 4 6 feedings of colostrum from the mare within the first 12 hours after birth. Naylor and Bell suggest that the foal receive 250 milliliters of colostrum each hour for the first 12 hours after birth. If mare colostrum is not available use a commercial colostrum product for calves. One quart plastic milk containers make ideal storage containers for this purpose. If overeating is the problem it may be necessary to milk the mare by hand or muzzle the foal between nursings. If the foal's body temperature is elevated during diarrhea or if diarrhea persists more than 24 hours it is usually an indication of disease and your veterinarian should be contacted. Strong healthy foals will usually accept bottle feeding readily. Baby bottles with nipples or other bottles with lamb nipples may be used to feed the very young foal. Bottles and buckets should be positioned at the shoulder height of the foal. The mare and foal should also have a shelter from weather and a protected area for feeding. Separation of the mare and foal at weaning should be complete with the mare and foal remaining out of sight and out of hearing distance of each other. Continued occasional nursing will usually result in increased stress for the foal and mare more manage-ment problems with both horses reduced feed intake in the foal and longer re-breeding periods for the mare. Immediate attention to the newborn will increase its chance for survival and development into a healthy foal. The immunoglobulins found in colostrum provide early protection from many diseases. The more colostrum consumed during very early life provides more protection from diseases. Establish a health program with your veterinarian regarding all vaccinations and deworming as well as any antibiotic treatment. Product Info New Products Tech Bulletins About Us Biological Safety Contact Us MERRICK'S INC. Box 620307 Middleton WI 53562-0307 USA 1-608-831-3440 1-800-MER-RICK 637-7425 FAX 1-608-836-8943.
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    • The Teller - Colostrum - http://www.morab.com/teller/tellercolostrum.html
      
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        Document Excerpt: The Teller Colostrum. MORAB HORSE COMMUNITY NETWORK PRESENTS COLOSTRUM THE. FOALS LIFELINE Provided by The MORAB COMMUNITY NETWORK International Morab Breeders'Association. International Morab Registry TM Morab Publishing International. Cable DVM When foaling season is here equine veterinarians who routinely treat and care for foals will be thinking about colostrum-who has it who needs it and where they can get it. To a newborn foal it can mean the difference between life and death To discuss why colostrum is so important I first have to explain about the precarious situation into which a foal is born. We all know that to fight infection healthy people and horses have a functioning immune system that can mount a response in the form of specialized cells that kill invading bacteria. The foal while in the uterus has a bloodstream that is separated from the dam's bloodstream by the placenta which in the horse has six layers. These layers do not allow particles as large as immunoglobulins antibodies to cross so the foal cannot derive antibodies from the mare and is born with little to no circulating antibodies. The newborn foal's immune system is intact and can function but it does not respond to invasion by bacteria as quickly as the immune system of an adult. This slow response or lag time can allow bacteria that the foal encounters in its environment to wreak havoc and create overwhelming infection unless the foal has nursed and absorbed an adequate amount of colostrum. This process is known as waxing because the dripping colostrum is thick and looks like wax dripping from a burning candle. These immunoglobulins gamma globulin is the most prominent will give the foal protection from invading bacteria and will help keep the foal healthy until his own immune system is adequate at about eight-10 weeks of age. But what happens when the foal does not absorb colostrum and what can you do to protect the foal Failure Of Passive Transfer When a foal does not absorb enough colostrum from the mare it is technically called failure of passive transfer-a partial or complete failure of the maternal antibodies being passed from mare to foal. There are a number of reasons for this syndrome to develop The mare does not produce colostrum agalactia or produces low-quality low immunoglobulin level colostrum The mare might wax early and drip the majority of her colostrum before the foal is born or The foal might be too weak to stand and nurse. Any of these causes can leave a foal deficient in immunoglobulin level and more susceptible to infection. A study performed by researcher Michelle LeBlanc DVM at the University of Florida reported that one to two liters of a normal mare's colostrum should be sufficient to give a foal a high level of immunoglobulin-enough to protect the foal from infection. A mare's udder at foaling should be enlarged with colostrum dripping in small quantities. The best sources are large breeding farms large private equine practices and university veterinary hospitals. Equine oral immunoglobulins are available commercially as is commercial intravenous plasma. Intravenous plasma is more expensive but I personally prefer it to boost the immunoglobulins in a newborn foal. After boosting the foal's system with either oral or intravenous immunoglobulins or after the foal has nursed the mare then a commercial milk replacer can be used to supplement or completely feed the foal. Is The Colostrum Good Subjective evaluation of colostrum is acceptable in most cases when evaluating colostrum. Colostrum can be tested using a colostrometer which measures the specific gravity weight of a substance relative to an equivalent volume of water of the colostrum. The specific gravity is directly correlated with immunoglobulin content in the colostrum and should be 1.060 to achieve high levels of immunoglobulins. Measuring the specific gravity of colostrum is even more important when banking colostrum and freezing it for use in foals which are in need. Got Enough Colostrum The best treatment for neonatal failure of passive transfer and subsequent septicemia bacterial infection is prevention. During that examination the foal is evaluated for any birth defects such as a cleft plate entropion rolling in of the eyelids and other potential problems such as broken ribs or difficulty passing the meconium. Also during this time the foal should have its IgG or gamma globulin evaluated by one of several different tests. Although this treatment is expensive 300-400 it can save money in the future by preventing septicemia the treatment for this condition at most equine hospitals can run anywhere from 3 000-6 000 depending on complications that arise Many owners see the use of plasma as an inexpensive safeguard. Furthermore some farms with very valuable foals elect to administer intravenous plasma even if the foal has an acceptable level of immunoglobulins especially if the farm has had problems with diseases such as Rhodococcus equi. Plasma can be purchased that is hyperimmune for that disease and other bacteria. This might be due in part to environmental cleanliness or other risk factors inherent to a particular farm but further discussion is beyond the scope of this article. When Colostrum Is Dangerous There is only one time we do not allow a foal to nurse its dam's colostrum-when it is at risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis NI This is a disease that causes anemia low red blood cell count in the foal and that can be fatal if not detected quickly. This can happen from a previous blood transfusion or exposure to a previous foal's blood during foaling. If her foal has the red blood cell with the offending antigen inherited from the sire for which the mare has produced antibodies then after the foal ingests the colostrum the antibodies will destroy the foal's red blood cells. If a mare is suspected of creating antibodies through risk or from producing previous NI foals then the mare can be tested in her last month of gestation and the determination made through a blood test. Luckily this is not a terribly common disease and if suspected ahead of time the foal is muzzled immediately after birth and fed an alternative source of colostrum or administered oral or intravenous immunoglobulins. 1 Your foal doesn't nurse from the mare because of weakness or musculoskeletal problems that prevent him from standing. If the foal cannot stand due to musculoskeletal problem such as contracted tendons but he wants to nurse and the mare has good quality colostrum then the mare can be milked and the colostrum fed to the foal in a bottle. Then they will get up again to nurse very frequently six to seven times an hour Your veterinarian should be called immediately to evaluate the foal if it cannot stand on its own and referral to an equine hospital might be warranted for treatment. If the udder is very small and does not have any colostrum or milk when you squeeze her teat then she has agalactia lack of milk production This can be caused by many different reasons the most common of which is ingestion of a fungus Acremonium coenophialum that grows on fescue grasses. This fungus also can lead to dystocia due to problems of a thickened placenta and prolonged gestation. These foals often require intensive treatment at an equine clinic as they are weak and usually develop failure of passive transfer with subsequent septicemia bacterial infection which can be fatal. The milk is good because it will sustain and nourish the foal but also is bad because it can encourage the foal's intestine to lose the ability to absorb immunoglobulins. If colostrum is not available then an oral or intravenous source of immunoglobulins should be administered as soon as possible. Storing Colostrum Many large equine breeding farms and equine practices bank or store colostrum for emergencies. Furthermore healthy mares with foals also can have about 200 cc's of colostrum milked and subsequently stored and not risk depleting the foal's supply. If you have a stash of frozen colostrum remember to thaw it slowly in a warm water bath for about one hour Microwaving colostrum will destroy the immunoglobulins thus destroying the most important ingredient Note from editor use plastic containers to collect store freeze and subsequently feed colostrum do not use glass containers. Colostrum Supplements For Horses An inadequate intake of colostrum is termed failure of passive transfer FPT or partial failure of passive transfer PFPT The best treatment for foals at risk for FPT or with confirmed FPT or PFPT is equine colostrum. Other options for treatment of FPT or PFPT are bovine cow colostrum commercial equine colostrum supplements and equine serum or plasma. Oral colostrum or colostrum supplements are only effective as treatment of FPT or PFPT if the foal is less than 24 hours of age ideally less than12 hours of age If equine colostrum is not available bovine colostrum can be used. The antibodies immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum have a short life span in the foal so it is advisable for the veterinarian also to give the foal one to two liters of horse plasma intravenously. Because the concentration of immunoglobulin varies in supplements it is important to administer an adequate quantity of immunoglobulin specifically immunoglobulin G or IgG In colostrum-deprived foals 50-70 grams of IgG given orally are required to raise blood IgG levels above 400 mg dl the generally accepted critical level. That product will increase serum IgG levels in colostrum-deprived foals to approximately 400 mg dl after 60 gm of Lyphomune7 is administered orally. Seramune7 is a concentrated serum product that also is commercially available. In a study at North Carolina State University the recommended dose of one bottle of Seramune7 which contained 10 gm of IgG was unable to raise serum IgG levels above 400 mg dl in foals. The company reports that the product has been improved since the study and now contains approximately 28 gm of IgG per bottle. There currently are no guidelines as to how oral plasma should be administered but it would be logical to divide the treatment and administer it in several smaller doses. Colostrum and colostrum supplements usually are given by the veterinarian using a nasogastric tube stomach tube The foal can be bottle-fed but if the foal is lying down care should be taken to ensure that the liquid does not go into the foal's lungs. The important points to remember are that oral treatment of FPT or PFPT is only effective if the foal is less than 24 hours of age and 2 an adequate amount of immunoglobulin must be given. The foal's blood should be tested six to 12 hours after oral immunoglobulin therapy to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. Sally Vivrette DVM PhD DACVIM of North Carolina State University About The Author Christina S. Cable DVM is a 1994 graduate of the University of Georgia's College of Veterinary Medicine. She currently is a Clinical instructor in the large animal surgery department at Cornell University. Return to RESOURCE CENTRAL Foal IgG What is it and why is it important By Michael A. The immunoglobulin family includes immunoglobulin A IgA immunoglobulin G IgG immunoglobulin M IgM and immunoglobulin E IgE All of the immunoglobulins play a role in the immune system's defense mechanisms or in the case of IgE allergic reactions. Immunoglobulin A is present in high concentrations in secretions on mucosal surfaces and plays a role in the first line of defense from foreign invaders gaining access to the body via these surfaces. The immune system manufactures the im-munoglobulins in response to exposure to a foreign invader. After exposure to a foreign invader such as a specific virus bacteria or toxin produced by an organism a certain type of lymphocyte a type of white blood cell produces the immunoglobulins. There actually are sets of immunoglobulins produced that recognize certain characteristics of the specific foreign invader. These specific immunoglobulins then bind to the foreign invader and in essence mark it for destruction by other components of the immune system. If the body has been exposed to that particular foreign invaderpreviously the immune system already has the specific immunoglobulins floating around in the body. In addition the immune system already has been programed to provide defenses against that particular invader and can more rapidly produce additional immunoglobulins and other defensive mechanisms. For example a vaccine such as the equine influenza vaccine contains the foreign invader. In most vaccines the virus or bacteria has been deactivated or changed in such a way that it can no longer cause the disease but retains the ability to activate the immune system to produce immunoglobulins specifically directed against that foreign invader. This process does two things Stimulates the production of the immunoglobulins effective against that particular invader which places the body in a defensive posture with respect to that disease and Primes the immune system so that a second exposure to the invader either by natural infection or booster vaccination will evoke a quicker and more powerful production of more immunoglobulins specific for that invader. The titer can be useful in determining exposure or infection of an individual horse to a variety of organisms causing equine disease. With most of the diseases a single blood sample is of limited value as the number or titer obtained could be related to vaccination or general exposure to the organism in question but not necessarily indicate infection. If the titer has risen generally two to three times greater than the original sample it is a general indication of active infection and related to the production of immunoglobulins by the body in response to that particular infection. Foal IgG So how does all of the aforementioned information about immunoglobulins relate to foal IgG The foal is born with a functional immune system if all is normal but has a general absence of immunoglobulins to aid in the defense against infection. The foal acquires his initial immunoglobulin protection from the mare's first milk which contains the vital component called colostrum. One of the first acts by a newborn foal that ensures the vital consumption of colostrum is nursing. If your mare becomes restless with people in the stall or the foal becomes irritated leave them alone.If the foal does not stand and nurse within three hours or stands but shows no suckle reflex and or little interest in the mare call your veterinarian immediately to examine the foal. The veterinarian will check for musculoskeletal problems that might be preventing the foal from standing such as contracted tendons or angular or flexural deformities that can make standing nearly impossible. Foals suffering from neonatal maladjustment syndrome also known as dummy foals might not be able to stand or can stand but will wander the stall with little interest in the mare. Make sure your wash your hands thoroughly before checking the suckle reflex or you could be giving your foal a dose of bacteria before he receives the colostrum. The colostrum is loaded with immunoglobulins antibodies that not only nourish the foal but protect him from infection. Although the foal is born with a working immune system before the foal ingests colostrum it essentially is lacking in antibodies to fight infection. The antibodies used to fight off infection for the first four to eight weeks of life will be available in colostrum provided the foal ingests colostrum from the mare and the colostrum is of good quality. Foals must receive colostrum within six to eight hours of birth as their gastrointestinal system can only absorb the immunoglobulins antibodies present within the colostrum during a short window of time-usually not longer than 12 hours after birth. The mare produces colostrum by concentrating antibodies otherwise known as immunoglobulins within the mammary gland shortly before she gives birth. Without adequate colostrum a foal can rapidly succumb to overwhelming infection from a variety of sources. Foals also need the colostrum as nutrition to prevent hypoglycemia low blood sugar Foals have little or no fat stores and need frequent meals. It is extremely important to monitor the mare carefully in the days prior to foaling for the loss of milk any mare which is leaking milk prior to foaling could create a situation where the foal receives inadequate colostrum. If the mare suffers from lack of normal milk production agalactia there also will be a lack of normal colostrum production. The condition often is associated with a mold endophyte produced on fescue grass. It can cause a decrease in milk production or a complete absence of milk production. For those of you who might be seeding a pasture there are commercially available fescue grass seeds that are resistant to the mold that causes this condition. Again careful monitoring of the mare prior to foaling and a knowledge of the type of hay or pasture grass being fed can prevent many foal tragedies related to this condition. Microwaving the colostrum will destroy the beneficial immunoglobulins within the milk. In addition there are commercial products available to supplement IgG in newborn foals orally. ACVIM North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine at the 1998 American Association of Equine Practitioners Convention in Baltimore Md. It was demonstrated that when used at the manufacturer's recommended dosage the oral administration of Seramune did not raise the foal's IgG to the target concentration of 800 milligrams per deciliter of blood but did appear to help minimize neonatal infections. It appears that the use of such oral immunoglobulin supplements can be beneficial but more research will be required to evaluate fully the extent of these benefits and to establish adequate administration requirements. These products demonstrate some promise in preventing neonatal infections related to failure of passive transfer. IgG Antibody Determination The main immunoglobulin antibody produced in the colostrum is gamma globulin IgG There are others of course but they are produced in smaller quantities. Veterinarians have developed tests to measure the amount of gamma globulins within the foal's bloodstream to estimate if an adequate quantity of immunoglobulins has been ingested and absorbed by the foal. However some veterinarians like to perform the test when the foal is 12 hours of age and if there is a low level of immunoglobulin then there still is time to administer more colostrum. At 24 hours of age if the level of immunoglobulins is low then the only alternative is intravenous therapy with plasma which has high levels of immunoglobulins to help protect against infection. There are many different types of tests that can estimate the concentration of immunoglobulins within the bloodstream. These tests are an important part of the physical examination of the newborn as low concentrations of immunoglobulins can mean that the foal is at risk of developing infection. Examples of some common test names are the CITE test FoalCheck zinc sulfate turbidity test etc. A more accurate test RID which is highly specific for gamma globulins can be performed however the results take 18-24 hours. If the concentration of immunoglobulins is low depending on the age of the foal at the time of the examination then added colostrum or oral immunoglobulins can be administered. If the foal no longer is able to absorb the immunoglobulins through the gastrointestinal tract then the foal must receive intravenous immunoglobulins through the administration of plasma or whole blood. Failure Of Passive Transfer Failure of passive transfer is a syndrome that occurs when foals fail to absorb adequate colostrum. This can result from the following causes the foal fails to ingest an adequate quantity of colostrum 2 the mare produces colostrum that is lacking in adequate immunoglobulin levels 3 the mare produces normal colostrum but prematurely lactates and thus loses the colostrum or 4 the mare fails to produce any colostrum or milk of any kind agalactia Regardless of the cause this syndrome is thought to be the most common predisposing factor of infection in neonates. This syndrome can be classified as complete failure or more commonly partial failure of passive transfer. If the foal is found to have a low concentration of immunoglobulins then your veterinarian will recommend that the foal be supplemented with plasma if available. Plasma can be purchased commercially and although a bit expensive about 150 for one liter its contents can be lifesaving. Just because a foal is found to have a low immunoglobulin concentration does not mean that the foal will develop septicemia. However the chances are greater for the low foal to develop problems than for a foal with a normal amount of immunoglobulins. It is not uncommon for a foal to be tested at 24 hours of age and found to have a high concentration of immunoglobulins then succumb to infection within the first two weeks of life. If the bacterial challenge number of bacteria is high the foal is more likely to develop septicemia. This will help reduce bacterial numbers and contribute to reducing infection rates on your farm. Careful monitoring of the neonate for any signs of illness weakness loss of interest in nursing swollen joints etc. Foals developing illness can deteriorate very rapidly so early detection of illness and prompt evaluation by your veterinarian can make a significant difference. A swollen or puffy joint should be assumed to be infected until proven otherwise and prompt veterinary evaluation is imperative. Ball DVM is a 1992 graduate of Cornell University's College of Veterinary Medicine. Ball has completed an internship at the University of Georgia and a residence in large animal medicine at Cornell. Cable DVM is a 1994 graduate of the University of Georgia's College of Veterinary Medicine. She currently is a resident in large animal surgery at Cornell University. Return to RESOURCE CENTRAL What Is Maternal Antibody Interference By Robert E. New evidence suggests that antibodies given to the foals through colostrum actually are interfering with the vaccines that are given to foals. The whole purpose of a flu vaccination program is to make an animal produce antibodies against several flu strains. The reason is that the first time the newborn foal suckles its mother's milk it ingests a large amount of antibodies contained in that first milk or the colostrum These are the maternal antibodies the newborn's first line of defense against germs. As a part of my doctoral work on the University of Kentucky Gluck Equine Research Center influenza team headed by Dr. Tom Chambers we now have new data to suggest that maternal antibodies actually interfere with commercial inactivated influenza vaccines in foals. So the important question is this Just when is the right age to vaccinate foals for influenza The influenza team set out to determine which foal vaccination schedules produced the strongest antibody response to influenza. We analyzed blood samples from a total of 210 foals which were vaccinated at different ages two months three months etc. to determine which schedules caused foals to produce the highest level of antibodies against equine influenza. Initially we thought that by the fourth month there would be no maternal antibodies left to interfere with vaccination. But to our surprise using the recommended two or three doses of vaccine for equine influenza we were still unable to get a good antibody response from foals even when they were eight months old. Why were these foals not responding to their initial flu vaccinations Could the vaccines themselves be faulty or were there maternal antibodies interfering To test whether or not the vaccines were any good we vaccinated two-to three-month old foals from unvaccinated mares which had no antibodies to equine flu. To everybody's surprise these foals did have a good antibody response. This experiment proved that a young foal can respond to the inactivated vaccines and that the maternal antibodies actually do interfere with foal vaccinations for flu. We now are working on figuring out how to overcome the problem of maternal antibody interference in foal vaccinations. Until that time our findings indicate that foals from vaccinated mares should be eight to nine months of age before vaccinating for equine influenza. We also recommend that these foals receive one primary dose of vaccine followed by two booster's one month apart. The hope is that by understand how these maternal antibodies interfere with the foal's immune response to inactivated vaccines we might be able to design a more effective influenza vaccine program for foals. Our research team would like to express our sincere appreciation to the American Quarter Horse Association for its support of this vital research at the University of Kentucky. Return to RESOURCE CENTRAL Colostrum Neonatal Isoerythrolysis Fran Kammerer U C Davis Here at Veterinary Genetics Laboratory at UC Davis we deal with Neonatal Isoerythrolysis cases on a daily basis. Distraught owners and veterinarians call from all over the country with this problem. Because we perform the serum screen for this test we often have these owners asking us once they get a positive diagnosis where to get colostrum for their foals Neonatal Isoerythrolysis consists of a mare producing antibodies against her foal's red blood cells somewhat similar to erthorblastosis fetalis in humans and the only way to avoid it is not allowing the foal to nurse the colostrum from the mare. However this colostrum must be screened for alloantibodies against red blood cells or you might be dealing with the same problem you had originally. If previously exposed to a different blood type by way of previous breeding or blood transfusions which won't be detected if her foal has the same blood type as hers could harm even kill another mare's foal who has an incompatible blood type. Therefore you might consider recommending to people who do store colostrum to separate a small amount 5-10 mls and send it in to a laboratory for alloantibody screening. We routinely do colostrum and serum antibody screening here at VGL along with blood typing and crossmatching. If you have any questions regarding this test or Neonatal Isoerythrolysis please feel free to contact me. All opinions are the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Morab Community Network First Copyright 1996 International Morab Breeders'Association and in specific cases the original.
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    • Equine Blood Typing and Research Laboratory - http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/VetScience/EBT.HTM
      
      • Abstract:
        Document Excerpt: Equine Blood Typing and Research Laboratory. Department of Veterinary Science Equine Parentage Verification and Research Laboratory The Equine Parentage Verification and Research Lab offers a variety of services to horse owners and individual breed registries. The laboratory participates in international comparison tests to assess its accuracy and ability to detect rare bloodtype variants this assures the quality of its results. Our staff are directly accessible to help answer questions regarding sample submission confirm receipt of samples and answer questions regarding parentage problems. Although we maintain an excellent turn around time throughout the year it is advisable to submit samples prior to the very busy months of September to December. The following services are offered by the lab at the University of Kentucky Traditional Bloodtyping Hemolytic Disease Prevention Neonatal Isoerythrolysis DNA Testing Color Testing Research Canine Traditional Bloodtyping Consists of testing blood samples for 7 blood group and 10 biochemical marker systems. Uses of bloodtyping include parentage verification paternity testing identification of individual horses in drug testing cases or cases where horses with similar color and markings may have been switched. Traditional bloodtyping is used by the majority of breed organizations. Bloodtyping consists of testing genetic differences for nearly 40 different factors including red cell antigens and serum proteins. The sample required consists of two tubes of blood one collected in anticoagulant and one serum tube. Red Cell Typing Unlike the relatively simple human ABO system the horse has 7 systems each of which contain a number of specific factors Because of the variety of possible combinations red cell typing is very informative for parentage determination. Our panel of reagents is screened exhaustively for specificity and reliability in our tests. Biochemical Polymorphisms Both serum proteins and red cell proteins are tested for variation polymorphisms by several gel electrophoretic techniques. Ten different systems are tested with these methods and when combined with the results of the red cell laboratory provide a profile of an individual horse that can be compared to the bloodtypes of its sire and dam. When there are no discrepancies between the factors possessed by the sire dam and foal we say that the Parentage Qualifies list of services Hemolytic Disease Prevention Neonatal Isoerythrolysis Hemolytic disease of the newborn also known as neonatal isoerythrolysis NI is a serious problem in newborn foals whose red cell type is incompatible with their dams A foal which inherits a red cell factor from its sire that the dam does not possess is at risk for this condition which results in the destruction of the foal s red cells after the foal is born and nurses the mare s colostrum. However the colostrum is rich in antibodies and in mares that are sensitized to a red cell factor the colostrum can be deadly instead of protective. If antibody levels to one of several high risk factors are elevated it is essential to prevent the foal from nursing its dam's colostrum and provide it with a substitute colostrum. Our NI testing program can prevent this problem by crossmatching stallion and mare bloodtypes or testing serum from the mare 30 or less days before foaling list of services DNA Testing The newest technology in identifying horses is available. One of the newer testing methods available is a DNA-based test using microsatellite marker analysis. The microsatellites amplified from each horses DNA by a special process are run on a electrophoretic gel and analyzed by computer. Just as in bloodtyping the sire dam and offspring must exhibit the correct inheritance pattern for the panel of microsatellites. The test is proving reliable although there is the potential for mutations to cause discrepancies. New methods of DNA testing are in development and may eventually replace the microsatellite-based technique. list of services Color Testing Prediction of color can be important to breeders. We offer 2 tests Tobiano The lab offers testing to determine homozygosity for the Tobiano spotted gene. Since the tobiano color pattern is valued and is dominant horses that possess two copies of the gene homozygous are of special value to breeders as ALL their offspring will inherit the tobiano color pattern. By testing for these proteins we can determine with a high degree of confidence that a horse is homozygous or heterozygous for this gene. E locus The Extension locus is another gene related to color and determines whether a horse has black points as in the bay coat color pattern the mane tail legs and tips of the ears are black The allele responsible for this pattern is designated as E the capital letter indicating it is dominant. For owners of a bay or black horse that want to know if that horse is homozygous for the Extension locus and thus will always have offspring with black points a DNA-based test is available. list of services Research The research lab also has an active research program dedicated to genetic research of the horse. Revenues generated by service contracts help fund important research on genetic diversity of rare breeds development of a genetic map of the horse identification of genetic markers for heritable problems in the horse list of services The lab also offers parentage testing for dogs and conducts research on marker development for canine genetic problems. Gus Cothran Director For contract information requests for blood typing kits or general questions about bloodtyping and DNA testing color testing and questions related to potential research projects. Kathryn Graves For general information about bloodtyping canine parentage cases genetic testing in dogs and NI testing. Dimock Animal Pathology Building University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40546-0076 USA 859 257-1165 859 257-4119 FAX Veterinary Science Home Page UK Equine Research Foundation Home Page College of Agriculture Home Page UK Home Page Return to top.
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    • The Horse Interactive -- Back to Basics March 1999: Colostrum - http://www.thehorse.com/9903/basics.html
      
      • Abstract:
        Document Excerpt: The Horse Interactive Back to Basics March 1999 Colostrum. ESSENTIAL HORSE HOME March 1999 Features Index Back to Basics Home THE SCOOP KNOWLEDGE BANK THI HOME March 1999 BACK TO BASICS Colostrum By Christina S. Cable DVM KIM KARI BAKER To a newborn foal colostrum can mean the difference between life and death. Now that foaling season is here equine veterinarians who routinely treat and care for foals will be thinking about colostrum-who has it who needs it and where they can get it. To discuss why colostrum is so important I first have to explain about the precarious situation into which a foal is born. We all know that to fight infection healthy people and horses have a functioning immune system that can mount a response in the form of specialized cells that kill invading bacteria. The foal while in the uterus has a bloodstream that is separated from the dam's bloodstream by the placenta which in the horse has six layers. These layers do not allow particles as large as immunoglobulins antibodies to cross so the foal cannot derive antibodies from the mare and is born with little to no circulating antibodies. The newborn foal's immune system is intact and can function but it does not respond to invasion by bacteria as quickly as the immune system of an adult. This slow response or lag time can allow bacteria that the foal encounters in its environment to wreak havoc and create overwhelming infection unless the foal has nursed and absorbed an adequate amount of colostrum. This process is known as waxing because the dripping colostrum is thick and looks like wax dripping from a burning candle. These immunoglobulins gamma globulin is the most prominent will give the foal protection from invading bacteria and will help keep the foal healthy until his own immune system is adequate at about eight-10 weeks of age. But what happens when the foal does not absorb colostrum and what can you do to protect the foal Failure Of Passive Transfer When a foal does not absorb enough colostrum from the mare it is technically called failure of passive transfer-a partial or complete failure of the maternal antibodies being passed from mare to foal. There are a number of reasons for this syndrome to develop 1 The mare does not produce colostrum agalactia or produces low-quality low immunoglobulin level colostrum 2 the mare might wax early and drip the majority of her colostrum before the foal is born or 3 the foal might be too weak to stand and nurse. Any of these causes can leave a foal deficient in immunoglobulin level and more susceptible to infection. A study performed by researcher Michelle LeBlanc DVM at the University of Florida reported that one to two liters of a normal mare's colostrum should be sufficient to give a foal a high level of immunoglobulin-enough to protect the foal from infection. A mare's udder at foaling should be enlarged with colostrum dripping in small quantities. The best sources are large breeding farms large private equine practices and university veterinary hospitals. Equine oral immunoglobulins are available commercially as is commercial intravenous plasma. Intravenous plasma is more expensive but I personally prefer it to boost the immunoglobulins in a newborn foal. After boosting the foal's system with either oral or intravenous immunoglobulins or after the foal has nursed the mare then a commercial milk replacer can be used to supplement or completely feed the foal. Is The Colostrum Good Subjective evaluation of